Comportamiento de las lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico / Behavior of the traumatic lesions of the pelvic ring

RESUMEN Introducción: las lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico constituyen un desafío para los cirujanos ortopedistas por su alta morbimortalidad y las consecuencias que de ellas derivan. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de variables demográficas y clínicas en los pacientes atendidos por lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico en el Hospital Universitario "Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández" de Matanzas Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo descriptivo de los pacientes ingresados en el servicio de ortopedia y traumatología por presentar lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico en dicho centro en el período comprendido de enero del 2009 a enero del 2019. Se seleccionaron variables demográficas y clínicas Resultados: el estudio incluyó a 48 pacientes. Predominó el sexo masculino 29 pacientes para un 60,4%, la edad de mayor frecuencia estuvo entre 31 a 50 años. Predominaron las fracturas tipo B con 24 pacientes para 50% y el tratamiento quirúrgico con 27 pacientes para 56,2%, dentro de las complicaciones inmediatas predominó el shock hipovolémico en 14 pacientes para 29.1%, en las tardías la sepsis superficial con 6 pacientes, 12.5%. Conclusiones: las lesiones traumáticas del anillo pélvico siempre deben ser tratadas como lesiones graves, por lo que deben ser valoradas de forma multidisciplinaria y apegados a protocolos de actuación, y con especialistas de alta experiencia profesional (AU).

SUMMARY Introduction: pelvic ring traumatic lesions are a challenge for orthopedic surgeons due to their high morbi-mortality and the consequences derived from them. Objective: to describe the behavior of clinical and demographic variables in patients cared due to pelvic ring traumatic lesions in the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Perez Hernandez" of Matanzas. Method: a descriptive, prospective, longitudinal research was carried out in patients admitted to the Orthopedics and Traumatology Service of the before-named hospital for presenting pelvic ring traumatic lesions in the period from January 2009 until January 2019. Clinical and demographic variables were chosen. Results: the study included 48 patients. Male sex predominated, 29 patients, 60.4 %; the most frequent age ranged between 31 and 50 years. Type B fractures predominated with 24 patients and 50 %; surgical treatment also predominated with 27 patients and 56.2 %; among the immediate complications, hypovolemic shock predominated in 14 patients for 29.1 %; among the late ones, surface sepsis predominated with 6 patients, 12.5 %. Conclusions: pelvic ring traumatic lesions should be always treated like serious lesions; therefore they should be evaluated in a multidiscipline way, adhered to the intervention protocols, and by highly experienced professionals (AU).

Embolization in patient with hypovolemic shock after transobturator sling procedure / Embolização após sling transobturatório em paciente com choque hipovolêmico

Abstract The placement of a suburethral sling is standard treatment for stress urinary incontinence. The transobturator technique (TOT) emerged as an alternative to minimize the risks of the blind insertion of needles, leading to a lower rate of perforation complications compared with the retropubic approach. We present a case of injury to a branch of the left obturator artery following the placement of a urethral sling using TOT, followed by intense bleeding and hemodynamic instability, which was treated with embolization.

Resumo Sling de uretra média é o tratamento padrão para a incontinência urinária de esforço. A abordagem transobturatória (TOT) surgiu como alternativa para minimizar os riscos da inserção às cegas das agulhas com taxa de complicações perfurativas menores quando comparadas à abordagem retropúbica. Apresentamos um caso de lesão em ramo da artéria obturatória esquerda após sling TOT que evoluiu com sangramento intenso e instabilidade hemodinâmica, sendo tratado com embolização.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in a child associated with coronavirus disease 19 in the brazilian amazon: fatal outcome in an infant / Síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica em criança associada à doença do coronavírus 19 na amazônia brasileira: evolução fatal em lactente

ABSTRACT Objective: Recently, there have been reports of children with severe inflammatory syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction associated with elevated inflammatory markers. These cases are reported as presenting the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19. In this study, we describe with parental permission a case of MIS-C in an infant with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Case description: A seven-month-old infant, with SARS-CoV-2 infection and a history of extreme preterm birth and very low weight at birth, with an initial course of mild respiratory symptoms and abrupt progression to vasoplegic shock, myocarditis and hyperinflammation syndrome, shown by high levels of troponin I, ferritin, CRP, D-dimer and hypoalbuminemia. Despite the intensive care provided, the child developed multiple organ dysfunction and died. Comments: Patients with a history of extreme prematurity may present with MIS-C in the presence of COVID-19 and are a group of special concern.

RESUMO Objetivo: Recentemente, foram descritos relatos de crianças com exame positivo para o coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associado à disfunção de múltiplos órgãos, secundária à hiperinflamação, denominada de síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica pediátrica (do inglês multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children - MIS-C). O objetivo deste relato é descrever um caso de MIS-C em lactente com infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e com evolução fatal abrupta, a despeito do suporte de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Descrição do caso: Lactente de sete meses, com infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e antecedentes de prematuridade extrema, com quadro inicial de síndrome gripal e progressão abrupta para choque vasoplégico, miocardite e síndrome de hiperinflamação, evidenciados por níveis elevados de troponina I, ferritina, proteína C reativa (PCR), dímero D e hipoalbuminemia. Não obstante o suporte de terapia intensiva instituído, a criança evoluiu com disfunção de múltiplos órgãos e morte. Comentários: Pacientes com antecedentes de prematuridade extrema podem apresentar MIS-C na vigência de doença do coronavírus 19 (COVID-19) e constituir um grupo de preocupação especial.

Estrangulamento acidental em crianças por fechamento automático de vidro de carro / Accidental strangulation in children by the automatic closing of a car window

RESUMO Entre as principais causas de morte em nosso meio, situam-se acidentes automobilísticos, afogamento e queimaduras acidentais. O estrangulamento é uma injúria potencialmente fatal, além de importante causa de homicídio e suicídio em adultos e adolescentes. Em crianças, sua ocorrência é usualmente acidental. No entanto, nos últimos anos, vários casos de estrangulamento acidental em crianças ao redor do mundo têm sido reportados. Paciente masculino de 2 anos de idade foi vítima de estrangulamento em vidro do carro. Admitido na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica com Escala de Coma de Glasgow de 8, piora progressiva da disfunção respiratória e torpor. Paciente apresentou quadro de Síndrome da Angústia Respiratória Aguda, edema agudo de pulmão e choque. Foi manejado com ventilação mecânica protetora, drogas vosoativas e antibioticoterapia. Recebeu alta da unidade de terapia intensiva sem sequelas neurológicas ou pulmonares. Após 12 dias de internação, teve hospitalar alta para casa em ótimo estado. A incidência de estrangulamento por vidro de automóvel é rara, mas de alta morbimortalidade, devido ao mecanismo de asfixia ocasionado. Felizmente, os automóveis mais modernos dispõem de dispositivos que interrompem o fechamento automático dos vidros se for encontrada alguma resistência. No entanto, visto a gravidade das complicações de pacientes vítimas de estrangulamento, é significativamente relevante o manejo intensivo neuroventilatório e hemodinâmico das patologias envolvidas, para redução da morbimortalidade, assim como é necessário implementar novas campanhas para educação dos pais e cuidadores das crianças, visando evitar acidentes facilmente preveníveis e otimizar os mecanismos de segurança nos automóveis com vidros elétricos.

ABSTRACT Among the main causes of death in our country are car accidents, drowning and accidental burns. Strangulation is a potentially fatal injury and an important cause of homicide and suicide among adults and adolescents. In children, its occurrence is usually accidental. However, in recent years, several cases of accidental strangulation in children around the world have been reported. A 2-year-old male patient was strangled in a car window. The patient was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 and presented with progressive worsening of respiratory dysfunction and torpor. The patient also presented acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute pulmonary edema and shock. He was managed with protective mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs and antibiotic therapy. He was discharged from the intensive care unit without neurological or pulmonary sequelae. After 12 days of hospitalization, he was discharged from the hospital, and his state was very good. The incidence of automobile window strangulation is rare but of high morbidity and mortality due to the resulting choking mechanism. Fortunately, newer cars have devices that stop the automatic closing of the windows if resistance is encountered. However, considering the severity of complications strangulated patients experience, the intensive neuro-ventilatory and hemodynamic management of the pathologies involved is important to reduce morbidity and mortality, as is the need to implement new campaigns for the education of parents and caregivers of children, aiming to avoid easily preventable accidents and to optimize safety mechanisms in cars with electric windows.

Liposarcoma retroperitoneal complicado: a propósito de un caso / Complicated retroperitoneal liposarcoma: a case report

Resumen Las neoplasias retroperitoneales suponen un reto para el profesional sanitario, tanto en el diagnóstico como en el tratamiento. Caso clínico: Varón de 56 años diabético tipo 2. Acude por edema en extremidad inferior derecha y parestesias. Se realiza ecografía doppler con resultados de trombosis venosa profunda y conglomerado adenopático. En TAC abdominal se observa gran masa retroperitoneal que engloba paquete vasculonervioso iliaco derecho. Se realiza vaciamiento ganglionar con resultado inicial de hamartoma. Se practica cirugía de resección de la masa y ligadura de la vena iliaca externa trombosada preservando la arteria iliaca. Anatomía patológica intraoperatoria sugestiva de sarcoma y definitiva de liposarcoma. Reingresa por shock hipovolémico y rotura de la arteria iliaca derecha. Se realiza ligadura y bypass femoro-femoral izquierdo-derecho. Al alta es derivado a oncología, falleciendo a los 6 meses. Discusión: El sarcoma es el tumor primario más frecuente a nivel retroperitoneal (15%). De difícil diagnóstico y tardío tratamiento, suelen ser asintomáticos hasta que debutan como una masa y clínica de compresión local o afectación de estructuras vasculonerviosas. El TAC es la prueba diagnóstica de elección. El tratamiento del tumor localizado es la cirugía; la radioterapia y quimioterapia se reservan para tumores irresecables o de alto grado.

Abstract Retroperitoneal neoplasias may be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the clinician. Case report: A 56 year old male with prior history of type 2 diabetes consults with right inferior limb edema and paresthesias. He was diagnosed of deep vein thrombosis and lymph node conglomerate by ultrasound. A CT scan was performed, observing great retro peritoneal mass enclosing vascular and nervous structures. An initial histological diagnosis of hamartoma was made. Surgery was scheduled to remove the tumour, ligation of thrombosed external iliac vein and the external iliac artery was preserved. Intraoperative histological findings suggested sarcoma, definite studies showed presence of high grade liposarcoma. Two weeks after the intervention, the patient presents in hypovolemic shock due to rupture of the right external iliac artery. Emergent ligation of the artery and femorofemoral bypass was performed, with adequate postoperatory recovery. The patient was discharged and continued adjuvant oncology treatment and was exitus six months later. Discussion: Sarcomas are the most frequent primary retroperitoneal tumours. They are difficult to diagnose and often have untimely treatment. Sarcomas tend to be asymptomatic, or present with local compression symptoms, affecting vascular and nervous structures. CT scan is the gold standard for diagnostic imaging. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, surgical resection as the main therapy; radio and chemotherapy represents a solution for irresectable or high grade malignancies.

Perspectives on aetiology, pathophysiology and management of shock in African children

Paediatric shock is still a common emergency of public health importance with an estimated 400,000­500,000 reported cases annually. Mortality due to paediatric shock has varied over the years. Data in 1980s show that mortality rates due to septic shock in children were over 50%; but by the end of the year 2000 data indicated that though a marked decline in mortality rates had been achieved, it had stagnated at about 20%. Descriptions of paediatric shock reveal the lack of a common definition and there are important gaps in evidence-based management in different settings. In well-resourced healthcare systems with well-functioning intensive care facilities, the widespread implementation of shock management guidelines based on the Paediatric Advanced Life Support and European Paediatric Advanced Life Support courses have reduced mortality. In resource limited settings with diverse infectious causative agents, the Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) approach is more pragmatic, but its impact remains circumscribed to centres where ETAT has been implemented and sustained. Advocacy for common management pathways irrespective of underlying cause have been suggested. However, in sub Saharan Africa, the diversity of underlying causative organisms and patient phenotypes may limit a single approach to shock management.Data from a large fluid trial (the FEAST trial) in East Africa have provided vital insight to shock management. In this trial febrile children with clinical features of impaired perfusion were studied. Rapid infusion of fluid boluses, irrespective of whether the fluid was colloid or crystalloid, when compared to maintenance fluids alone had an increased risk of mortality at 48 h. All study participants were promptly managed for underlying conditions and comorbidity such as malaria, bacteraemia, severe anaemia, meningitis, pneumonia, convulsions, hypoglycaemia and others. The overall low mortality in the trial suggests the potential contribution of ETAT, the improved standard of care and supportive treatment across the subgroups in the trial. Strengthening systems that enable rapid identification of shock, prompt treatment of children with correct antimicrobials and supportive care such as oxygen administration and blood transfusion may contribute to better survival outcomes in resources limited settings

Giant prostatic hyperplasia: report of a previously asymptomatic man presenting with gross hematuria and hypovolemic shock / Hiperplasia prostática gigante: hematúria macroscópica com choque hipovolêmico em paciente previamente assintomático

Giant prostatic hyperplasia is a rare condition characterized by very high volume benign prostatic enlargement (>500g). Few cases have been reported so far and most of them are associated with severe lower urinary symptoms. We report the first case of asymptomatic giant prostatic hyperplasia in an elderly man who had a 720g prostate adenoma, sudden gross hematuria and hypovolemic shock. The patient was successfully treated with open transvesical prostatectomy and had an uneventful postoperative recovery.

A hiperplasia prostática gigante é uma condição rara caracterizada por aumento benigno prostático significativo, com volume maior que 500g. Existem poucos casos relatados e, em sua maioria deles está associada a sintomas graves do trato urinário inferior. Relatamos aqui o primeiro caso de hiperplasia prostática benigna assintomática em paciente idoso com próstata de 720g, hematúria macroscópica de início súbito e choque hipovolêmico. O paciente foi submetido com sucesso à prostatectomia suprapúbica, sem intercorrências no intra e pós-operatório.

Rotura uterina en gestante de 13 semanas: Embarazo ectópico intersticial / Uterine rupture in a 13-week pregnant woman: interstitial ectopic pregnancy

El embarazo ectópico intersticial es una entidad rara pero con una elevada tasa de mortalidad. El diagnóstico puede resultar difícil y tardío, dada la localización del embarazo en una porción intrauterina de la trompa de Falopio. La gestación puede evolucionar de manera asintomática hasta el segundo trimestre de la gestación, y debutar con una rotura uterina y shock hipovolémico por la proximidad del saco gestacional a la arteria uterina. El tratamiento suele consistir en una resección cornual por vía laparoscópica, aunque se individualizará en función de cada caso, primando ante todo la clínica de la paciente. Se expone el caso de un embarazo ectópico intersticial que debutó con rotura uterina a las 13 semanas de gestación.

Interstitial ectopic pregnancy is a rare but with a high mortality rate entity. Diagnosis can be difficult and late, given the location of the pregnancy in an intrauterine portion of the fallopian tube. Pregnancy can evolve asymptomatic until the second trimester, and debuting with uterine rupture and hypovolemic shock due to the proximity of the gestational sac to the uterine artery. Treatment usually consists of a laparoscopic cornual resection, although it will be individualized according to each case, giving priority to the patient clinic condition. The case of an interstitial ectopic pregnancy who presented with uterine rupture at 13 weeks of gestation is presented.

Gastrotórax a tensión como causa de muerte por shock obstructivo: Caso clínico / Tension gastrothorax as a cause of death by obstructive shock - case report

Introduction: Tension gastrothorax is caused by the herniation of the stomach into the thorax due to a congenital defect of the diaphragm; the Bochdaleck diaphragmatic hernia (HDB) is the most frequent type. Objective: Tension gastrothorax should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with obstructive shock and tension pneumothorax. Case report: A previously healthy 10 month-old male infant, who presented increased respiratory distress, increased volume of the left hemithorax, absence of breath sounds, ipsilateral hyper-resonance, 76% saturation, cold skin and capillary filling > 5 seconds, followed by a cardio-respiratory arrest. Due to clinical suspicion of pneumothorax, needle decompression was performed reversing cardiac arrest, but with persistent hemodynamic and respiratory instability; chest radiograph suggested diaphragmatic hernia. He underwent surgery confirming the presence of a diaphragmatic hernia of 5 cm. Conclusions: The evolution of this case shows the difficulty differentiating a tension gastrothorax from tension pneumothorax in patients admitted to the emergency room who are in serious condition; therefore, a high index of suspicion is needed for its identification.

Introducción: El gastrotórax a tensión se produce por la herniación del estómago hacia el tórax, debido a un defecto congénito del diafragma, siendo el más frecuente la hernia diafragmática de Bochdaleck (HDB). Objetivo: Ejemplificar que, como diagnóstico diferencial del paciente con shock obstructivo y neumotórax a tensión, se debe considerar el gastrotórax a tensión. Caso clínico: Lactante masculino de 10 meses de edad, previamente sano, que evolucionó con dificultad respiratoria aguda, aumento de volumen de hemitórax izquierdo, ausencia de ruidos respiratorios e hiper-resonancia ipsilateral, saturación del 76%, piel fría y llenado capilar mayor de 5 segundos, seguido de un paro cardio-respiratorio. Debido a sospecha clínica de neumotórax se realizó descompresión mediante punción con aguja en conjunto con maniobras, con reversión del paro cardíaco, pero con persistencia de la inestabilidad respiratoria y hemodinámica, radiografía sugerente de hernia diafragmática. Se ingresó a cirugía confirmando la presencia de una hernia diafragmática de 5 cm. Conclusiones: La evolución del presente caso ilustra la dificultad para diferenciar un gastrotórax a tensión de un neumotórax a tensión en el contexto de paciente grave en la sala de urgencias, por lo que debe de tenerse un alto índice de sospecha para su identificación.

Caso 1/2013: homem de 69 anos com dor súbita em dorso e membro inferior direito e choque / Case 1/2013: 69-year-old male patient with sudden back and lower right limb pain and shock

MSM, homem, 69 anos, procurou atendimento médico por dor em dorso esquerdo e membro inferior direito. A radiografia de tórax revelou alargamento do mediastino. Estava em observação quando apresentou rebaixamento da consciência e choque. Foi observado enfisema subcutâneo em hemitórax esquerdo e abolição do murmúrio vesicular em base do mesmo pulmão. Foi feita a intubação orotraqueal e realizada drenagem de hemitórax esquerdo, com saída de líquido serossanguinolento. O ecocardiograma revelou ventrículo esquerdo (D/S): 44/29 mm; septo 12 mm; parede posterior 13 mm; discreta dilatação em raiz da aorta, presença de lâmina de dissecção e hematoma periaórtico. As valvas e pericárdio eram normais. O paciente foi transferido para o InCor. O exame físico (21 out 2004: 10h45) revelou paciente sedado, com intubação orotraqueal, com palidez cutânea, frequência cardíaca 90 bpm, pressão arterial 130 x 80 mmHg, drenagem torácica sanguinolenta do dreno tórax. Eletrocardiograma - frequência 90 bpm, ritmo sinusal, baixa voltagem no plano frontal e diminuição de voltagem em derivações esquerdas (fig. 1). A tomografia revelou enfisema subcutâneo bilateral, aorta torácica com contornos imprecisos na sua porção descendente (da artéria subclávia até porção média), colapso do pulmão esquerdo e grande coleção de características hemáticas em mesmo hemitórax e no mediastino médio e posterior. Pequeno pneumotórax à direita; pequeno derrame pleural à direita com alterações do parênquima subjacente. A análise do coração foi prejudicada pela presença do hemotórax. Durante a realização de tomografia apresentou ausência de pulsos, midríase, com assistolia, sem resposta às manobras de ressuscitação e faleceu (21 out 2011; 15h).

The patient, MSM, a 69-year-old man, sought medical care due to left dorsal and right lower limb pain. The chest x-ray showed mediastinal enlargement. He was undergoing examination when he lost consciousness and went into shock. Subcutaneous emphysema was observed in the left hemithorax, as well as abolition of breath sounds at auscultation. Tracheal intubation was performed with draining of blood-tinged fluid from the left hemithorax. Echocardiography showed left ventricle with 44/29 mm; septum, 12 mm; posterior wall, 13 mm; mild aortic root dilation, dissection of the lamina and periaortic hematoma. The valves and pericardium were normal. The patient was transferred to Instituto do Coraçao - InCor. Physical examination (21 Oct 2004: 10:45) showed that the patient was sedated with tracheal intubation, pale, heart rate at 90 bpm, blood pressure 130 x 80 mmHg, bloody drainage in the chest tube. Electrocardiogram - frequency 90 bpm, sinus rhythm, low voltage in the frontal plane and decreased voltage in left leads (Fig. 1). Computed tomography showed bilateral subcutaneous emphysema, thoracic aorta with inaccurate borders in its descending portion (from the subclavian artery to the middle portion), collapsed left lung and extensive collection of hematic characteristics in same hemithorax and middle and posterior mediastinum. Small right pneumothorax; small right pleural effusion with underlying parenchymal alterations. The analysis of the heart was impaired by the presence of hemothorax. While undergoing computed tomography, the patient showed no pulse, mydriasis, with asystole unresponsive to resuscitation and died (21 Oct 2011; 15:00 h).

Pattern of road traffic accidents in Imphal.

In recent years the incidence of Road Traffic Accidents is increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world posing itself as a major epidemiological as well as medico-legal problem. In a study of 205 cases of Road Traffic Accidents brought to the mortuary of Regional Institute of Medical sciences, Imphal during September 2007 to August 2009, it was noted that males (75.13 %) outnumbered the females (24.87%). Majority of the victims were in the age group of 21 - 30 years (24.89%). It was also noted that majority of the accidents happened in the National Highways (59.51%) and pedestrians were the commonest victims (37.56%). Trucks were the most frequent offending vehicles (34.63%) followed by Buses (22.94%) The commonest cause of death was due to shock and haemorrhage (34.64%). large number of human lives can be saved if trauma centres are established along the National Highways equipped with well trained medical personnel and complete infrastructure of emergency care.

Predictors and Clinical Impact of Inappropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shocks in Korean Patients

Limited data are available on inappropriate shocks in Korean patients implanted with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). We investigated the impact of inappropriate shocks on clinical outcomes. This retrospective, single-center study included 148 patients treated between October 1999 and June 2011. The primary outcome was a composite event of all-cause mortality or hospitalization for any cardiac reason. The median follow-up duration was 29 months (interquartile range: 8 to 53). One or more inappropriate shocks occurred in 34 (23.0%) patients. A history of atrial fibrillation was the only independent predictor of inappropriate shock (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.89-9.15, P < 0.001). Atrial fibrillation was the most common cause of inappropriate shock (67.7%), followed by supraventricular tachycardia (23.5%), and abnormal sensing (8.8%). A composite event of all-cause mortality or hospitalizations for any cardiac reason during follow-up was not significantly different between patients with or without inappropriate shock (inappropriate shock vs no inappropriate shock: 35.3% vs 35.4%, adjusted HR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.49-2.29, P = 0.877). Inappropriate shocks do not affect clinical outcomes in patients implanted with an ICD, although the incidence of inappropriate shocks is high.

Successful treatment for a case of near-fatal secondary adrenal insufficiency / Tratamiento exitoso de una caso de insuficiencia adrenal secundaria casi fatal

A thirty-six-year old female with shock was found to be unconsciousness a few days after developing a respiratory infection. Her past medical history included autoimmune hypothyroidism. Her state of shock was not controlled by massive fluid resuscitation with a vasopressor and antibiotics. However, an infusion of 250 mg methylprednisolone dramatically improved her shock state. Further examination indicated secondary acute adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal insufficiency may complicate other endocrine disorders. Accordingly, a physician should consider hypoadrenocorticism, when patients are in a state ofrefractory shock in spite ofmassive infusion with a vasopressor, especially in patients with other endocrine disorders.

Una mujer de treinta y seis años en shock fue hallada inconsciente unos dias después de desarrollar una infección respiratoria. Los antecedentes en su historia clinica incluian hipotiroidismo autoinmune. Su estado de shock no fue controlado por la reanimación con liquidos masiva con un vasopresor y antibióticos. Sin embargo, una infusion de 250 mg metilprednisolona habia mejorado considerablemente su estado de shock. Un examen mas detenido indicó insuficiencia adrenal aguda secundaria. La insuficiencia adrenal puede complicar otros trastornos endocrinos. En consecuencia, un médico debe considerar la posibilidad de hipoadrenocorticismo, cuando los pacientes se encuentran en estado de shock refractario a pesar de una infusion masiva con un vasopresor, especialmente en el caso pacientes con otros trastornos endocrinos.

Modulación inflamatoria en el shock traumático: [revisión] / Inflammatory modulation in traumatic shock: [review]

Hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock secondary to trauma is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. During the last few years, new concepts have emerged and the guidelines of fluid resuscitation in these patients have been redefined. The concept of hypotensive resuscitation has been established and new colloid solutions based on starch have been manufactured, been hydroxyethyl starch in a balanced electrolytic solution, the most studied and successful one. It has been reported, as well, the positive effects of the pharmacologic modulation of the inflammatory pathways in experimental model subjects submitted to hypovolemic shock. Products such as, ethyl pyruvate and the Na+/H+ type 1 inhibitor, BIIB513, have been Studies only experimentally in rodent models using colloids as the primary resuscitation fluid. The significant improvement in the hemodinamyc, pattern and the cardiac and inflammatory indexes and mediators, has created the basis for their use in clinical trials in the near future. The systemic inflammatory response is an important cause of multiple organ failure that increases the late mortality of patients surviving the initial early phases of hypovolemic traumatic shock and its experimental modulation in rodent models with products such as ethyl pyruvate and BIIB513 has produced excellent in vivo and in vitro results.

Universalmente se considera el Shock hipovolémico de origen hemorrágico como una importante causa de morbi-mortalidad. Durante los últimos años se ha redefinido los conceptos de la reanimación con líquidos intravenosos en los pacientes con choque hipovolémico y establecido los conceptos de reanimación hipotensa con el uso de nuevos coloides derivados del almidón, tales como el hidroxietil-almidón en solución electrolítica balanceada (Hextend®). Así mismo, se ha reportado el beneficio que conlleva el uso de modificadores de la cascada inflamatoria en modelos experimentales de sujetos sometidos a choque hipovolémico hemorrágico. Productos como el etil piruvato y la BIIB513, un inhibidor selectivo del intercambiador Na+/H+ tipo 1, han sido estudiados sólo experimentalmente en modelos roedores, empleando coloides como principal elemento de reanimación. Al mejorar el perfil hemodinámico, parámetros cardíacos y niveles de mediadores inflamatorios, estos compuestos constituyen una base cierta para ser incluidos en estudios clínicos en un futuro próximo. La respuesta inflamatoria sistémica está íntimamente implicada en la patogénesis de la Falla Orgánica Múltiple, aumentando la mortalidad tardía de pacientes que sobreviven las etapas tempranas del shock hipovolémico hemorrágico traumático. Su modulación experimental con el etil piruvato o bien la BIIB513 ha dado excelente resultado tanto en modelos experimentales in vivo como in vitro.

Reparación primaria versus colostomía en lesiones del colon / Primary repair vs. colostomy in colon injuries

Introducción: El colon es el segundo órgano más frecuentemente lesionado en las heridas por trauma penetrante de abdomen. En México, las lesiones por arma blanca o de fuego van en aumento. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el principal manejo para las lesiones traumáticas de colon. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y aleatorizado de 178 pacientes con trauma abdominal y lesiones de colon, en un lapso de cinco años (enero de 2003 a junio de 2008) en el Hospital General de Balbuena. Se comparó el uso del cierre primario y cirugía derivativa con colostomía. Se analizó sexo, grupo de edad, tipo de herida, grado de lesión y mortalidad. Resultados: De 178 pacientes, 156 fueron hombres (87.6 %) y 22 mujeres (12.4 %). El grupo de edad con mayor afección fue el de 21 a 30 años; 74 pacientes (41.6 %) presentaron heridas por instrumento punzocortante y 104 pacientes (58.4 %) heridas por arma de fuego. El principal manejo fue mediante cierre primario: 92 casos (51.7 %) versus 86 (48.3 %) para cirugía derivativa; sin embargo, en las heridas por arma de fuego el principal manejo fue la colostomía (67 casos). La mortalidad fue de 17 casos (9.55 %) debido a causas diversas como lesiones a múltiples órganos de manera asociada. Conclusiones: En las lesiones colónicas debe individualizarse el tratamiento, según la etiopatogenia, grado de lesión y lesiones asociadas.

BACKGROUND: Colon trauma is frequent and its prevalence is difficult to establish because of the different factors that intervene in its origin. In Mexico, traumatic colon injuries, albeit stab wounds or gunshot wounds, are on the rise. Our objective was to evaluate the most appropriate management for traumatic colon injuries. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 178 case files of patients with abdominal trauma and colon lesions during a 5-year period from January 2003 to June 2008 from the General Hospital of Balbuena, Mexico City. The study compared the use of primary closure vs. colostomy, analyzing variables such as sex, age, type of wound, severity of lesion and mortality. RESULTS: There were a total of 178 patients; 156 were male (87.6%) and 22 were female (12.4%). The most affected age group was between 21 and 30 years; 74 patients (41.6%) had stab wounds and 104 patients (58.4%) had gunshot wounds. Management consisted mainly of primary closure in 92 cases (51.7%) vs. colostomy in 86 patients (48.3%). However, 64% of gunshot wounds were treated with colostomy. Reported mortality was 9.55% and this was due to different factors such as multiple organ injury. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of traumatic colon injury should be case specific, taking into account the mechanism of the lesion, its severity and associated injuries.

Acute renal failure due to copper sulfate poisoning; a case report

Copper sulfate is a blue and odorless salt with various industrial, chemical, agricultural and medicinal applications. Copper sulfate poisoning is rare in children. A 23-month old boy accidentally ingested a solution of copper sulfate, used as a disinfectant agent in animal husbandry. He was referred to Children's Hospital of Tabriz because of frequent vomiting and lethargy. The major systemic complications were intravascular hemolysis, anemia and acute renal failure. The patient was successfully treated with multiple packed cell transfusions, dimercaprol, penicillamine and peritoneal dialysis. Plasma copper level 15 days after ingestion was 216 micro g/dl. Copper sulfate is a highly toxic agent that, when ingested, can cause local and systemic damage including coma, shock, severe intravascular hemolysis, hepatotoxicity and acute renal failure with high mortality

Consideraciones de enfermería sobre el niño con shock séptico en una Unidad de Alta Complejidad (UCIP) / Considerations of infirmary on the boy with septic shock in a Alta Unit Complejidad (UCIP)

El autor describe los diferentes tipos de shock, en particular el shock séptico en pediatría. Se realiza una presentación de caso clínico y su correspondiente Plan de Cuidados.